Biennial or perennial herb up to 1.5 m, with green or reddish stems and large yellow flowers.
Scientific name: Oenothera glazioviana Micheli.
Common name: Redsepal evening-primrose
Family: Onagraceae
Status in Portugal: Invasive species in more and more areas of the national territory.
Risk Assessment Score: 11 | Value obtained according to a protocol adapted from the Australian Weed Risk Assessment (Pheloung et al. 1999), by Morais et al. (2017), according to which values above 13 mean that the species has risk of having invasive behavior in the Portuguese territory | Updated on 30/09/2017.
Synonymy: Oenothera coronifera Renner, Oenothera fusiformis Munz & I.M. Johnst., Onagra erythrosepala Borbás, Onagra grandiflora (L’Hér.) Cockerell & Atkins
Last update: 30/10/2017
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How to recognize it
Biennial or perennial herb up to 1.5 m, with green or reddish stems.
Leaves: oblanceolate basilar rosette leaves , 15-30 x 3-5 cm; stem leaves are elliptical to lanceolate, + short.
Flowers: gathered in dense inflorescence not interrupted by lateral branches; yellow ± reddish sepals; petals 3.5-5.5 cm, yellow.
Fruits: capsules 2-3.5 cm, ± cylindrical attenuated at apex.
Flowering: from June to September.
Similar species
At least 6 exotic species of Oenothera appear out of culture in Portugal. Also with yellow petals and without branches interrupting the inflorescence there is O. biennis L. with smaller petals (1.5 – 2.5 cm) and green sepals. The two form hybrids.
The other species of Oenothera also present in Portugal (for example, O. stricta subsp. stricta), whose flowers are also yellow, have their inflorescences usually interrupted by lateral branches, which helps to distinguish them; most often they have and the smallest petals.
Characteristics that aid invasion
It reproduces by seeds which, although being fertile only by half, are numerous and easily dispersed by human action (new communication routes, land movements, and disturbance of river banks).
Native distribution area
Originated by the spontaneous crossing of two North American species.
Distribution in Portugal
Mainland Portugal (Minho, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Douro Litoral, Beira Baixa, Beira Litoral, Ribatejo, and Algarve) and the Azores (Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, São Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel, and Santa Maria islands).
For more detailed locations of this species, check the online interactive map. This map is still incomplete – we need your help! Contribute by submitting records of the location of the species where you can find it.
Geographical areas where there is a record of the presence of Oenothera glazioviana.
Other places where the species is invasive
Some species of Oenothera are invasive in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, USA, Chile, and in several European countries.
Introduction reasons
For ornamental purposes.
Preferential invasion environments
It requires a certain degree of soil moisture, as well as nitrogen, so the habitats where it grows most often are disturbed and/or open, moist places (trail edges, river banks, fresh wasteland). It is found in both mid-mountain and basal areas, although it is more abundant on sandy or stony terrain near the coast.
Although legally not considered invasive in Portugal, it shows invasive behaviour in some locations.
Impacts on ecosystems
Although it is most often not found in places of great ecological value, it should be borne in mind that the colonization of human-altered environments is almost always the first step in the processes of naturalization and subsequent invasion of natural areas. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to new locations and, in case it is observed in valuable or well-maintained spaces, proceed with its elimination.
Controlling an invasive species demands a well-planned management, which includes the determination of the invaded area, identifying the causes of invasion, assessing the impacts, defining the intervention priorities, selecting the adequate control methodologies and their application. Afterwards it is fundamental to monitor the efficiency of the methodologies and recuperation of the intervened area as to perform, whenever necessary, the follow-up control.
The control methodologies used for Oenothera glazioviana include:
Physical control
Hand pulling: considering the relatively large size of the plant, the absence of subterranean organs, the herbaceous consistency and the absence of elements that sting or stinging, the most recommended is the manual removal of the individuals and their subsequent destruction, before fruiting to anticipate the dispersion. of the seeds. Interventions must be repeated for several years in the invaded areas to deplete the possible seed banks that may exist in the soil.
Chemical control
If necessary, different active substances with action on perennial herbaceous dicots could be used.
Visit the webpage How to Control for additional and more detailed information about the correct application of these methodologies.
DAISIE European invasive">Invasive Alien species">Species Gateway (2012) Oenothera glazioviana. Available: http://www.europe-aliens.org/speciesFactsheet.do?speciesId=9909 [Retrieved 15/09/2015].
Flora Digital de Portugal (2014) Oenothera glazioviana. Disponível: http://jb.utad.pt/especie/oenothera_glazioviana [Retrieved 15/09/2015].
Marchante H, Morais M, Freitas H, Marchante E (2014) Guia Prático para a Identificação de Plantas invasoras">Invasoras em Portugal. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, pp. 116.
Pheloung PC, Williams PA, Halloy SR (1999) A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. Journal of Environmental Management. 57: 239-251.
Sanz-Elorza M, Sánchez EDD, Vesperina ES (2004) Atlas de las plantas alóctonas invasoras en España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidade, Madrid, 212-213pp.
The Plant List. Oenothera glazioviana Micheli. Disponível: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2398876 [Retrieved15/09/2015].